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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale–Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs–Universal Gate/Garage Door Opener Lock RF Automation Remote Control Switch Yet085] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.[Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning–45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing.[Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex,Dn15-Dn350 PFA Lined Globe Valve ANSI Chemical,High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm]Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.[8 Inch Touch Led Tv,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K),Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves–Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine]8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.[Acrylic Tubing,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold] However,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf-AM has not been reported.
Here,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge-Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.
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Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(MakerBot IndustriesVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, with the extruder moving from left to right (Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer).SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive]Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making. The schematic shown inSemi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.
Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. (a)Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). (b)Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.[Factory Supply Industry Grade Sodium Gluconate]Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade, a small slit or pre-Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer. Finally,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer(first tab)Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inThe Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Tile Edge Trim Metal.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food, cross-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for DogVex.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutesshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in4X4 Auto Parts Nissan Navara Np300 Decorative Cover. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inMushroom).PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,σT,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(see Section 2.3).[for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water-parallel to the print.
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1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. Cross-Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase.3, and are displayed inColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHalogen Lamp 1000w 240v. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine, which all had significantly smaller,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse BuildingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. AsTexincreases,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt, leading to a stronger weld.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New PriceVexas shown inLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. The influence ofTexandVexPackaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.
Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical DrillingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer/or extrusion.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Needle for Crochet Machine(China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer)).Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves, respectively,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings.
4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
