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Addit Manuf.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390

5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From ChinaPerforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater

Abstract

Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom SizeDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion MachinesChildren Casual Shoes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.[Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for BusinessGrey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.[2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,Precision Stainless Steel Strip,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station(M3/M6/M10/M15/M30  Harbin Alloy  Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger  for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.[sunybiz,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex FilmGood Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale,Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh.[Parcel Tape Adhesive OPP Packing Tape,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book] However,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-AM has not been reported.

Here,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit-Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves.

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2.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts

Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger, with the extruder moving from left to right (Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv).Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion]Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve. The schematic shown inStucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.

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Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. (a)High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou. (b)Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.[1325 Cnc Nesting Machine]Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, a small slit or pre-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture. Finally,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,color coated aluminum coil manufacturers.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles(first tab)Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, cross-Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)Vex.Bulk Washing Powder Detergentshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSanitary Stainless Steel Manual/Pneumatic Operated 304 316L Butterfly Valve. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%).Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,σT,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(see Section 2.3).[1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain.Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL)-parallel to the print.

3.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery

Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy,Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm. Cross-300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine.3, and are displayed inVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWholesale Four Colors School Bag Children′s Day Pack Shoulder Backpack. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring, which all had significantly smaller,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift ElevatorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inJapan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater. AsTexincreases,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2), leading to a stronger weld.for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door HingeVexas shown inKenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The influence ofTexandVex70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.

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2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for TransformerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Personwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E-1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes/or extrusion.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles(Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery)).Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPortable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer, respectively,Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.

4 Conclusions

2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding-AM.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.

Acknowledgments

Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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