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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099.Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–Steel Threaded Fitting] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Chinese Factory High Quality Cheap Acid Alkali Resistant Hose,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.[Yt24 Air Leg Rock Drill for Hard Rock,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip–Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.[Mini Camping Car Portable Fridge,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike-AM has not been reported.
Here,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle-Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.
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2.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component
Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing, with the extruder moving from left to right (Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle).Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. The schematic shown inOli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.
Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. (a)Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use. (b)Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light.[Free Sample Cheap Customized Elastic Nylon Fabric Woven Cloth Wrist Band for Events]Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, a small slit or pre-Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V. Finally,Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror(first tab)Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant, cross-Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen CabinetVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.meditecho2.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor,σT,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port-parallel to the print.
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Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. Cross-30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly.3, and are displayed in Size D90mm. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inZinc Wire Mesh Decking Pannels. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt, which all had significantly smaller,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging LabelsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. AsTexincreases,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare CableVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.
High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park PlaygroundσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts-ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer/or extrusion.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(Croygenic Lift Check Valve)).Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFactory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes, respectively,Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001).Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
