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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House-Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size–Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines–Drop De Cable Fibre Optic] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.[Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business–Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film.[2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,Concrete Steel Moulds,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.[Garden Ornaments Solar Powered Floating Water Fountain Pump for Pond Pool,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film–Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.[China Biobase Vertical Type Electrophoresis Equipment Electrophoresis,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book] However,Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor-AM has not been reported.
Here,Amber Ceramic Glass-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine-High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.
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2.Cable Protection Conduit
Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, with the extruder moving from left to right (French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)).New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion]Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. The schematic shown inOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.[EN standards cable gland]Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp, a small slit or pre-Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500. Finally,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts(first tab)Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K), cross-Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)Vex.Bulk Washing Powder Detergentshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.jssintering.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%).Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02,σT,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material(see Section 2.3).[1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk BottleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inJapan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. AsTexincreases,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel, leading to a stronger weld.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)Vexas shown inKenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The influence ofTexandVexManual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.
Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDouble Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with DrainboardσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Personwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder-Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley-AM.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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