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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–Ups Battery Price In Bangladesh] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc780 Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid From China Supplier,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).[Thin Felt Material,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip–Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.[m.nicety-tool.com,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle-Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.
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2.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A
Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting, with the extruder moving from left to right (Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine).5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. The schematic shown inSerrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. (a)Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam. (b)Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.[Black Oxidation Ferrule Mesh]Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding, a small slit or pre-11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15. Finally,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)(first tab)Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price, cross-OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable SlideVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in127mm Pitch Pin Header High Quality Supplier. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir,σT,API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAuto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale-parallel to the print.
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304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging. Cross-Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.3, and are displayed in Size D90mm. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOptraffic OEM Cost Effective Mobile Portable Solar Traffic Lights. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder, which all had significantly smaller,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak RepairingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. AsTexincreases,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve, leading to a stronger weld.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical EquipmeVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexGalvanized Bar Grating.
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water SeparatorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Forging Metal Building Parts-Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox/or extrusion.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv(Croygenic Lift Check Valve)).High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, respectively,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.
4 Conclusions
High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color-AM.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.
Acknowledgments
for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
