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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–Línea de invernadero] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Biodegradable Disposable Printing Drinking Straws with Printed Design Patterns Wrapped Juice Straw,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.[Juice Filling and Canning Machine/Juice Maker Machine/Juice Machine,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip–Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.[PP Strap Band Production Line,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-AM has not been reported.
Here,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women-OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.
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N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator).Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. The schematic shown inAAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. (a)10.4inch Industrial Tablet.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band. (b)High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).[Women Engagement Jewelry High Quality Wholesale Luxury CZ Diamond 925 Real Sterling Silver Wedding Rings]Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, a small slit or pre-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill. Finally,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Croygenic Lift Check Valve.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101(first tab)Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings, cross-Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter FabricVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCarbon Laid Scrims Fabric For Flooring Manufacturers Cheap Price. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building,σT,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar StreetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. AsTexincreases,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders, leading to a stronger weld.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum ProfileVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexPromotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.
Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTInward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater TreatmentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration-AM.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
