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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold–Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive–Linear Actuator Motor] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.[High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer– Tile Edge Trim Metal] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.[16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,Health And Fitness Expo,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine(Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Mushroom,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.[Electric Iron Switch,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator–High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook]Croygenic Swing Check Valve,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.[Soft Water Equipment,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity] However,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe-Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.
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2.Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing
Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(MakerBot IndustriesPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, with the extruder moving from left to right (LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. The schematic shown inWaterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. (a)USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.Security Padlock. (b)XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.[Digital Display Fusion Welding Machine]China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, a small slit or pre-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve. Finally,Seamless Sports Legging for Women, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment(first tab)National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Retail Shop Glass Display.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part, cross-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting MachineVex.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirtshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Stackable Syringe Pump.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCryogenic Equipment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function).Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate,σT,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(see Section 2.3).[OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals-parallel to the print.
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New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001). Cross-Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.3, and are displayed inAll Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.zichen-rubber.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, which all had significantly smaller,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Representative cross-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. AsTexincreases,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags, leading to a stronger weld.Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar WarehouseVexas shown inFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. The influence ofTexandVexKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f5.jpg)
Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones ,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots ManufactureσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kvwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)-Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter/or extrusion.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design(Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China)).Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, respectively,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.
4 Conclusions
Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce. This measurement technique is a straightforward,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell-AM.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.
Acknowledgments
10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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