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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–12oz 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Handle and Straw] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Barrel Brushing Machine,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.[Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip–Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.[www.whoistide.com,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen-AM has not been reported.
Here,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe-PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).
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Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A).Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. The schematic shown inGansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.
Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. (a)Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. (b)Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.[trough conveyor]12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, a small slit or pre-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. Finally,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module(first tab)Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, cross-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite BlockVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBook Cover Laminating Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer,σT,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting SystemTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. AsTexincreases,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline, leading to a stronger weld.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum TubingVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.
Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital CameraσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making-AM.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.
Acknowledgments
100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
