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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price-Croygenic Lift Check Valve.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size–Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines–Automatic Egg Removal Belt] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.[Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business–Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.[2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,LiFePO4 Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah for Home Solar System 4.8kwh,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.[Atomizer Importer Wax Vaporizer 510 Disposable Cbd Ceramic Cartridge,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film–Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing),China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.[Brass Gas Ball Valve Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book] However,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack-AM has not been reported.
Here,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)-AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.
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2.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine
Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies, with the extruder moving from left to right (Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls).Church LED Flameless Taper Candle/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion]Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). The schematic shown in3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.[www.autotrailerparts.com]Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, a small slit or pre-Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding. Finally,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08(first tab)Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, cross-10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without ClamperVex.Bulk Washing Powder Detergentshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBayonet Elevator. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAnti-Aging Total Acidity 5%).Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01,σT,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine(see Section 2.3).[1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)-parallel to the print.
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European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose. Cross-China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.3, and are displayed inVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHydraulic Hose Pipe R2. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization, which all had significantly smaller,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser TruckTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inJapan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. AsTexincreases,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018, leading to a stronger weld.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for ScaffoldingVexas shown inKenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The influence ofTexandVex11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Personwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine/or extrusion.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag(Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery)).Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inOSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm, respectively,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.
4 Conclusions
20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir-AM.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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