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Addit Manuf.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards
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Solidworks Vacuum Forming

Abstract

30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console-Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold–Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive–Erikc Nozzle L163pbd Valve 9308-622b Delphi Common Rail Injector Repair Kits 7135-625 with for Ejbr03301d Injector] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.[High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer– Tile Edge Trim Metal] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product.[16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,Smart Home Bluetooth Fingerprint Digital Electronic Cabinet Door Handle Lock,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag(Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Mushroom,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge]Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.[Best Sales Bedroom Decorative Cabinet Bedside Table,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover,5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator–High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook]Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry,Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.[m.yikoocam.com,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity] However,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel-AM has not been reported.

Here,Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings-Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag.

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2.Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.

Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(MakerBot IndustriesPlasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, with the extruder moving from left to right (Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc).5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. The schematic shown inOxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. (a)Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. (b)Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.[Plastic Mold Injection Molding]Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade, a small slit or pre-Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. Finally,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.  IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs(first tab)Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPrefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the Retail Shop Glass Display.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, cross-12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular ConnectorVex.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirtshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in20g Single-Use Water Soluble Pods Liquid Laundry Detergent Pods. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.[Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBrewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function).Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread,σT,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDisposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(see Section 2.3).[OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag]Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-parallel to the print.

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Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device,Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness. Cross-Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.3, and are displayed inAll Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBuy Ms Office 2016 Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, which all had significantly smaller,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic BachsheetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inS400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. AsTexincreases,Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment, leading to a stronger weld.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby WalkerVexas shown inFactory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. The influence ofTexandVex8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTShrink Tunnel for Packing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kvwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping/or extrusion.[Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain]1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China)).Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inModern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building, respectively,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Small Bar Fridges for Drinks% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.

4 Conclusions

Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Amber Ceramic Glass-AM.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.

Acknowledgments

PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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21.GitHub, Inc. [accessed October 20, 2016];2015Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof
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23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould][Galvanized Diamond Wire Mesh/PVC Coated Chain Link Fence]