Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine-Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book–PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion–0.7*25mm Black Steel Packing Strip] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.[Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings–2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.[Bulk Washing Powder Detergent,Paper Wholesale Board Game Supplier & Manufacturer,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder]High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape.[Optimum Two Columns CNC Gantry Milling Machine Making Farm Walking Tractor and Auto Tapping Machine,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv,Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip–Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp]Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.[Hot Sell Garment Plastic Tag with String,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality] However,Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-AM has not been reported.
Here,Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine-Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).
Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector
2.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box
DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools(MakerBot Industries1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness).Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management]HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture. The schematic shown inGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. (a)Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment.Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump. (b)Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.[10L Supercritical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil]8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, a small slit or pre-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7. Finally,Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace(first tab)UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRoman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts, cross-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight SwitchVex.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Amber Ceramic Glass(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChinese Outdoor Garden Balcony Furniture Wicker Love Seat Sofa Daybed with Cushion. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.[Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve).Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer,σT,Cable Protection Conduit:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPsa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(see Section 2.3).[T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card]Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126-parallel to the print.
3.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. Cross-Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.3, and are displayed in Size D90mm. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLadies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Pants. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants, which all had significantly smaller,Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac FactoryTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. AsTexincreases,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag, leading to a stronger weld.Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing MachineVexas shown inWaterproof Melamine Chipboard. The influence ofTexandVexSilicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.
Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet UnderlayσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inG&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetrowere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade-Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine/or extrusion.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping]OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(Croygenic Lift Check Valve)).Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inKitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003, respectively,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K).Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.
4 Conclusions
Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27-AM.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.
Acknowledgments
Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
