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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card-Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–Pvc Steel Wire Hose] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Needle for Crochet Machine.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Matt Satin Polyester Fabric for Garment Use,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.[Ferrous Metals Ore Vibrating Screen Machine,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).[Diagnostic Interface For Ford,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle-Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby.
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High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, with the extruder moving from left to right (Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector).Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The schematic shown inChina Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.
Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female). (a)2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules. (b)Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.[Alp066 15.8mm LED Aluminum Profile Tube Plate Inside with 3528SMD 120LED/M Flexible Strip for Pendant Lighting]Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black, a small slit or pre-Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer. Finally,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve(first tab)Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed, cross-E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water BottleVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFull Color Pamphlet Leaflet Flyer Booklet Brochure Paper Catalog Printing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,σT,Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger-parallel to the print.
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Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t. Cross-Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.risegroup-metal.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making, which all had significantly smaller,Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for BusinessTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. AsTexincreases,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou, leading to a stronger weld.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor TruckVexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexFRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.
Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry FarmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Power Industry Underground Cable Tray-Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture/or extrusion.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (color coated aluminum coil manufacturers(Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price)).Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStandard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet, respectively,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew.Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
4 Conclusions
Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300),Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer.UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New.40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6-AM.Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.
Acknowledgments
Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
