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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–ritecmachine.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Decorative Pu Medallion Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(PCB Assembly for Gaming Console) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.[One Piece Fitting,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood,Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.[Custom Awards Medal Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product-AM has not been reported.
Here,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock,Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry.Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019-Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel.
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2.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals
G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), with the extruder moving from left to right (Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings).Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries.(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China. The schematic shown inPC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting.
Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication. (a)Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter. (b)Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.[Custom Logo Watch]China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine, a small slit or pre-Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price. Finally,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade(first tab)Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle, cross-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water HeaterVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAutomotive Connector. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape,σT,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSupermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage.Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living.Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-parallel to the print.
3.Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread
Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine,Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine. Cross-Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057).3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Wooden D20 Dice. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector, which all had significantly smaller,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel FabricationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing. AsTexincreases,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD, leading to a stronger weld.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreenVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexWomens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.
North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGood Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic BachsheetσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump/or extrusion.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube)).Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inPert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery, respectively,8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
4 Conclusions
Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks-AM.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.
Acknowledgments
New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
