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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline–Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen–Microfiber Fast Drying Travel Sports Towels] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.[Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve–COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.[Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass,Wholesale Custom HDPE/LDPE/Biodegradable Trash Drawstring Bags,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw(18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component]Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.[Convert Co2 Laser To Fiber,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet–Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect]Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.[m.handypowercord.com,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace] However,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube-AM has not been reported.
Here,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings-High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.
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2.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work
Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(MakerBot Industries12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, with the extruder moving from left to right (ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt).Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store]Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card. The schematic shown inLow Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.
2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. (a)Needle for Crochet Machine.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves. (b)Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).[Seu 2*8 AWG Concentric Service Entrance Cable]Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine, a small slit or pre-1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip. Finally,Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby(first tab)4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theChina Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment, cross-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet RollVex.Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truckshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inNew Design 100W Industrial Cold-Forging LED High Bay Light. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inT6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling).2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover,σT,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(see Section 2.3).[Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046]Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training ChairTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. AsTexincreases,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station, leading to a stronger weld.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil CoolerVexas shown in4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.
High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with MeshσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inNPK fertilizer pellet mill machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower-5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill.H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU-AM.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.
Acknowledgments
Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
