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Addit Manuf.Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:High Quality Cast Iron Flooring for Pig Farm Free Sample

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Shower Glass Door Handles

Abstract

Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer–2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags–Acid Orange 7] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet.[Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3–Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less.[Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,Water Resistant Composite Paper Fruit Cover Insect Preventing Wrapping Bag,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment(Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.[16nicrs4 1.5715 Corten Alloy Steel Round Bar Steel En8 En9 Price Per Kg,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle–Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU]Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine.[Virgin Plastic Foldable Crate Box,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm] However,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-AM has not been reported.

Here,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping,1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7-Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House.

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UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc(MakerBot IndustriesHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, with the extruder moving from left to right (Small Bar Fridges for Drinks).Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Amber Ceramic Glass. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). The schematic shown inDust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence. (a)NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. (b)Cable Protection Conduit,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).[99% Health Medical Cbd Isolate]New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126, a small slit or pre-China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower. Finally,Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White(first tab)OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, cross-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging BagVex.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwestshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFiber Laser Marking Machine Xt. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.[FRP Profile Made in China]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve).Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine,σT,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB(see Section 2.3).[8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle]Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-parallel to the print.

3.Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen

Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter,Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A). Cross-Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.3, and are displayed inCredit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBronze Angle Globe Valve. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug, which all had significantly smaller,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber. AsTexincreases,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material, leading to a stronger weld.1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine CenterVexas shown inFiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. The influence ofTexandVexX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free SampleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inQ235 Steel Bar Floor Gratingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines/or extrusion.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal]45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter)).Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery, respectively,13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustomized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.

4 Conclusions

Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film-AM.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.

Acknowledgments

High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel][30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank]
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