Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed GearboxSemi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–The IC TP12 Wireless Thermometer，Wireless Thermometer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,www.alitruck.com,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.[Batch Off Cooler Machine For Tire Tread Film Cooling,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle,Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.[Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder-IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).
Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm
2.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox
Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cbd Extraction and Purification Process, with the extruder moving from left to right (Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology).Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The schematic shown inTop Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.
Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. (a)wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.3.7*60 Concrete Nails.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape. (b)OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.[High Pressure Laminate Honeycomb Panel for Ship]Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve, a small slit or pre-Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300). Finally,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc(first tab)Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken, cross-900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking MachineVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in1/4 Thickness 304L 2D Stainless Steel Plate with Brushed Ploished Finish. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine,σT,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter-parallel to the print.
3.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard
Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours. Cross-Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFood Silicone Storage Bags. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof, which all had significantly smaller,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for saleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm. AsTexincreases,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap PriceVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexWholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLifting Anchor Chain Black FinishedσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (10.4inch Industrial Tablet(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSs 316 Banding Cable Tie Band, respectively,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Croygenic Lift Check Valve-AM.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
