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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator–PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe–LC Fiber Optic Adaptor Simplex/ Duplex/ Quad Sm&mm] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve.[Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap–6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.[Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),New Model Personalized Copper Fashion Jewelry 18K Gold Plated Cubic Zirconia Big Hoop Earrings for Women,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)(Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.[Laser Engraving Machine On Round Objects,Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness–Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)]High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.[Heat Press Heat Element Replacement,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls] However,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size-AM has not been reported.
Here,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle,Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration-Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.
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Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine(MakerBot IndustriesDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification, with the extruder moving from left to right (Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel).Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ School]China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. The schematic shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag.
Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. (a)Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck. (b)Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.[Ceramic Honeycomb Catalyst Carrier Supporting Agent Alumina Ball]Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, a small slit or pre-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer. Finally,Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia(first tab)Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, cross-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue KitsVex.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30Ashows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminum Beauty Case. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSteel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101).Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,σT,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(see Section 2.3).[Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door-parallel to the print.
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Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler,Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder. Cross-4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.3, and are displayed in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inStarter Motor for Perkins 1006-60t Engine (2873K404). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type, which all had significantly smaller,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Zs/Fs Series Square SieveTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. AsTexincreases,Galvanized Bar Grating, leading to a stronger weld.Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale PriceVexas shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator.
Forging Metal Building Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTValve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal DiaphragmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6)-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv/or extrusion.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine(Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden)).Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator, respectively,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).
4 Conclusions
Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. This measurement technique is a straightforward,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel-AM.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
