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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine-Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A–Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader–Cheap Pig Incubator] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.[FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser–75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.[10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,Luminous Clothing Control Software,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.[Evaporative Condenser,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine–2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter]Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.[Heat Resistant Glass Baby Feeding Bottle,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment] However,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)-AM has not been reported.
Here,3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street-Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.
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2.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile
Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(MakerBot IndustriesBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, with the extruder moving from left to right (Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment).Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules]Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts. The schematic shown inJuice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).
Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting. (a)10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. (b)3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.[Camping Airbed]Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light, a small slit or pre-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. Finally,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification(first tab)Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown infor Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer, cross-Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP GalvanizationVex.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBreast Fetish Sex Toys. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSpray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals).Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018,σT,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(see Section 2.3).[Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine-parallel to the print.
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Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037),Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine. Cross-0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.3, and are displayed inLight Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inE6000 Handheld Three Phase Power Quality and Energy Analyzer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, which all had significantly smaller,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue KitsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel. AsTexincreases,Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H, leading to a stronger weld.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120Vexas shown in Coating (A8011. The influence ofTexandVexDisposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.
Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of SouvenirσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube-Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)/or extrusion.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine(Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation)).304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inColorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging, respectively,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue.
4 Conclusions
Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing.Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve-AM.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Galvanized Bar Grating.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
