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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–Buffers High Quality Supplier] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,Dynamic Laser Marking Machine,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.[China Polycarbonate Shutter Slats,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.[Aoi Testing Machine Supplier,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass-AM has not been reported.
Here,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027).Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat-High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.
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FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube, with the extruder moving from left to right (Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart).PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels. The schematic shown inTower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.
Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. (a)High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt. (b)Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.[2017 Wholesale 3ml 6ml 10ml Refillable Glass Perfume Bottle / Roll on Perfume Bottle]Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8, a small slit or pre-Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Finally,Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi(first tab)NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, cross-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046Vex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSaw Blade Cutting Aluminum. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,σT,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-parallel to the print.
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Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer. Cross-2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in4tier Layer Battery Cage. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station, which all had significantly smaller,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
FRP High Strength Channels with Different ShapesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. AsTexincreases,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand CastingVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexCoated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper.
Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveyingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil-Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner-AM.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.
Acknowledgments
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
