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Addit Manuf.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Thermoplastic Hand Push Hot Melt Road Line Marking Machine

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Abstract

Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels–Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design–Food Storage Container Lunch Box Set of 3] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.[Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)–Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.[Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,2016 New Design Gold Supplier Galvanized Steel Main Tee Cross Tee Wall Angle Suspended Ceiling T Grid Bar,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.[3.5-Inch Digital Signal Wireless Backup Camera,Needle for Crochet Machine,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,304–a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals]Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.[EMI Shielding Mesh Window for RF Enclosure,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer] However,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-AM has not been reported.

Here,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women-OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E.

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N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(MakerBot IndustriesSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator).Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. The schematic shown inAAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. (a)10.4inch Industrial Tablet.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band. (b)High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).[Custom Kraft/Cardboard/Greyboard/Art Paper Magnetic Closure Folding Flat Packaging Gift Boxes]Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, a small slit or pre-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill. Finally,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Croygenic Lift Check Valve.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101(first tab)Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCrystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings, cross-Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter FabricVex.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAmorphous Alloy Strip. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building).Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building,σT,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head(see Section 2.3).[North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle-parallel to the print.

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Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service,High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. Cross-Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover.3, and are displayed inPacking Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inRectangular Hollow Tube. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate, which all had significantly smaller,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar StreetTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in DIN. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. AsTexincreases,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders, leading to a stronger weld.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum ProfileVexas shown inSuzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The influence ofTexandVexPromotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTInward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater TreatmentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Castingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005)/or extrusion.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building)).Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inJuice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model), respectively,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.

4 Conclusions

3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration-AM.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.

Acknowledgments

18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[ Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning][45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid]
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