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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Croygenic Lift Check Valve, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings-Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–Passenger Home Sightseeing Elevator Good Sales with Professional Technology] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Disposable Medical Non-Absorbable Silk Braided Surgical Suture,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).[Calcium Carbonate Filler High Quality Supplier, Anodized 92510-2] However,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor-AM has not been reported.
Here,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls-Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.
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High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, with the extruder moving from left to right (Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate).Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. The schematic shown inFashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.
Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. (a)Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. (b)Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).[solar mc4 fuse connector]Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08, a small slit or pre-Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model). Finally,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer(first tab)High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, cross-Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home DecorationVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBSCI Audit Custom 100% Polyester Embroidered Trucker Cap Bottle Opener. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140).[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes,σT,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector-parallel to the print.
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Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet,Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam. Cross-Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inNo Gift Box Winter Cute Kawaii Socks Meias Cartoon 3D Animals Elk Sheep Panda Funny Socks Women Warm Christmas Socks. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck, which all had significantly smaller,Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. AsTexincreases,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer, leading to a stronger weld.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)Vexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexSheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price-OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine-AM.304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging.
Acknowledgments
Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
