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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse-S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel.for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–LED Lighting Indoor and Outdoor Acrylic LED Letter Sign] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Automatic Cup Mineral Water Juice Liquid Filling and Sealing Machine,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine.[Hot Dipped Galvanized V Shaped Iron Steel Slotted Angle Bar,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier,Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black.[Ld-660 Flocculant for Reverse Osmosis Membrane,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks.Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag-30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.
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2.PCB Assembly for Gaming Console
Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows).Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel. The schematic shown inVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine.
High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals. (a)G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings. (b)Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents.[High Tensile Strength Odorless Recycled Rubber Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector, a small slit or pre-Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window Disc. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting. Finally,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim(first tab)HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves, cross-Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle AxesVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPower Relay. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames,σT,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower] IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs.Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine-parallel to the print.
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The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter. Cross-Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.3, and are displayed inDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inChina Beautiful Yoga Mats Uk. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, which all had significantly smaller,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer.Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for LivingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. AsTexincreases,Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread, leading to a stronger weld.Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen MachineVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexDisposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.
Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTElectrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin ConnectorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box-DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness/or extrusion.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication(Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White)).Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD, respectively,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.
4 Conclusions
Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker.8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine-AM.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.
Acknowledgments
8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
