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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera-80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator.Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–Wind Speed Meter Txfs-2 Aluminum Alloy Material 3 Cups Type] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.[ FCL-440,0.12mm Flexible Pcb,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System.[Metal Fiber Laser Marking Machine Wanted distributor,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers] IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs,Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water Heater.[100w Par38 Heating Lamp Lamp Ray Bulb,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter,Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup.ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector-Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type.
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Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage, with the extruder moving from left to right (Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living).Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Double Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. The schematic shown inDIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools.
Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device. (a)Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. (b)Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Womens Floppy Straw Hat Wide Brim Foldable Beach Cap Sun Hat for Women Upf 50+.[Good Quality Hot Wire Foam Cutting CNC Machine for Sale]North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture, a small slit or pre-Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment. Finally,Easy Foldable Kids Walking Chair Toys Baby Walker, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant(first tab)Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting, cross-Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7Vex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Small Bar Fridges for Drinks(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCar Newest Megnet Phone Holder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar,σT,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHome Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.Amber Ceramic Glass.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)-parallel to the print.
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PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine. Cross-High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad.3, and are displayed inDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inTungsten Carbide Double-Flute Spiral Flat Head Milling Cutter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer, which all had significantly smaller,Cable Protection Conduit. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013).New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Plastic Toys Mold ManufacturerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. AsTexincreases,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower, leading to a stronger weld.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mmVexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexWomen High Waist Belly Control Pants.
Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel ProductsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory/or extrusion.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag(Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours)).Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSilicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material, respectively,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.
4 Conclusions
Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine,OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB.Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003-AM.Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.
Acknowledgments
Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
