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Addit Manuf.Seamless Sports Legging for Women; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart
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Abstract

Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for SaleXk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water HeaterLyphar] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.[Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse PadAutomatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.[Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net,Newly Fine SGS Certificated Perlite Powder Disintegrator,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool(Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine]Stackable Syringe Pump.[Metal Laser Cutting Machine Cost,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag PouchesLife Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male]Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.[Lug Butterfly Valve with EPDM Seat Pn16 Pn10,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size] However,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-AM has not been reported.

Here,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie-a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.

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American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(MakerBot IndustriesDisposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing, with the extruder moving from left to right (PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price).Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines]Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. The schematic shown inETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.

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Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. (a)Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones  .Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. (b)Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.[Wall Cladding Steel Sheets]200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, a small slit or pre-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. Finally,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(first tab)Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theGrey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight, cross-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to SellVex.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inJuice Bottle Glass. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.[Small Bar Fridges for Drinks]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWhey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China).Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out,σT,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(see Section 2.3).[Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)]Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-parallel to the print.

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Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs. Cross-Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.3, and are displayed inHDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in8ft Led Tube Light. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate, which all had significantly smaller,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGood Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved. AsTexincreases,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring, leading to a stronger weld.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-IIVexas shown inOffice Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. The influence ofTexandVexStanding Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.

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Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFamily Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD ThermometerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Pricewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter/or extrusion.[2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion]Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire)).Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCimc 6cbm Offshore Container, respectively,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.

4 Conclusions

Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.Aluminium Blind Rivets. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite-AM.China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).

Acknowledgments

Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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