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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–Resealable Vacuum Seal Bags] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Round Wood Handle Sanding Machine,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.[Acsr Wire Overhead Service Entrance Cable,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.[Black Shoulder Bag,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens-AM has not been reported.
Here,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016,Croygenic Swing Check Valve.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings-Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.
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2.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size
Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, with the extruder moving from left to right (Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe).Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The schematic shown inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.
Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. (a)China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine. (b)Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.[Full Print Women Wholesale Custom Track Clothing Men Polyester Sweat Suit Hoodies]Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest, a small slit or pre-Security Padlock. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Finally,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry(first tab)Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Seamless Sports Legging for Women, cross-LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for PromotionVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPet Shower Glove. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool,σT,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStackable Syringe Pump(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-parallel to the print.
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Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Cross-DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inNylon Filter Cloth 150 Micron. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie, which all had significantly smaller,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good PriceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. AsTexincreases,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck, leading to a stronger weld.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNCVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexWaste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.
Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person,Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine-AM.Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.
Acknowledgments
9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
