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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer–2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags–Picosecond Tattoo Removal RF Dpl Hair Removal for Pigmentation Treatment] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.[Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3–Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid.[Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,GRP Fiberglass Sandwich Alumminum Honeycomb Panel for Water Tank Sheet,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB(Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.[Band Width 9.7mm-11.7mm,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle–Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU]13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I),8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.[Helicopter Basket Stretcher,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm] However,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette-AM has not been reported.
Here,36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard-5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.
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Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(MakerBot IndustriesHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS).FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed. The schematic shown inCompetitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.
Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring. (a)Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley. (b)Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.[Carbide Precision Tools Manufacturers Cheap Price]12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element, a small slit or pre-7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan. Finally,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric(first tab)Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, cross-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie MountsVex.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwestshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDrum Sander Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.[FRP Profile Made in China]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve).Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,σT,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(see Section 2.3).[8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle]2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp-parallel to the print.
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4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office,Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge. Cross-Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.3, and are displayed inCredit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.tysonleather.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale, which all had significantly smaller,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate ValveTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. AsTexincreases,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs, leading to a stronger weld.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon DioxideVexas shown inFiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. The influence ofTexandVexBaby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.
a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSemi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inQ235 Steel Bar Floor Gratingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts-AM.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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