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Addit Manuf.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap
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Abstract

PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens–25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp–Pop-Up Foil Sheets] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.[Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification–3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.[Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,Cas 235114-32-6,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Catch Fish Game Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.[JIS Misumi Standard Round Latch Locks for Injection Molds Parts Return Units for Moulds Components,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine–High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator]Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.[Sterile Ends Surgical Drape Pack,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series] However,Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-AM has not been reported.

Here,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel-Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.

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2.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic

Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(MakerBot IndustriesOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask, with the extruder moving from left to right (Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film).Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]Aluminium Blind Rivets, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan. The schematic shown inDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. (a)Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel. (b)New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.[Digital Display Board]E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, a small slit or pre-Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover. Finally,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting(first tab)Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, cross-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Door System Automatic Infusion PumpVex.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlayshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inElectric Wood Chipper Shredder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDie Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts).FRP Profile Made in China,σT,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale(see Section 2.3).[Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe-parallel to the print.

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16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Cross-Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).3, and are displayed inScrew Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding, which all had significantly smaller,Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum FilterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSelling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts. AsTexincreases,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier, leading to a stronger weld.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert ColorVexas shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The influence ofTexandVexStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRapid Prototyping for Plastic PartsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agriculturalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner-Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates/or extrusion.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8)).Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inD18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV, respectively,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.

4 Conclusions

Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag.Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine-AM.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables.

Optical Glass

Supplementary Material

Acknowledgments

Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element][Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer][Pad Case]