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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–85% Purity Phosphoric Acid Food Grade] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Tungsten Sheet,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.[Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.[China Fr4 Polyimide Rigid-Flexible Pcbs,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light-Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.
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2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, with the extruder moving from left to right (Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip).Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. The schematic shown inSafety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. (a)Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. (b)Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.[Galvanized Sheet Metal Steel Strips for Sale]Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), a small slit or pre-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. Finally,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)(first tab)Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cbd Extraction and Purification Process, cross-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel ClipsVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot Dipped Galvanized Chicken Hexagonal Wire Mesh. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z,σT,3.7*60 Concrete Nails:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-parallel to the print.
3.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine. Cross-Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in99% Powder Anti-Aging Polypeptide Hormones 307297-39-8 Epitalon. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300), which all had significantly smaller,High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for DetergentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. AsTexincreases,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle, leading to a stronger weld.Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81Vexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexHwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.
Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma FunctionσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours,Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women-AM.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.
Acknowledgments
Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
