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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–Hot Sale Factory Direct Price Ad Player Flat Screen TV for Advertising Sign Boardsin China 43 Inch Touch Screen Digital Signage] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,10X20 FT Wedding Party Gazebo Tent with 5 Removable Walls,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849(Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.[Power Socket Metal Parts,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.[Central Air-Conditioning HAVC Refrigerant Copper Pipe Clamp,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water-AM has not been reported.
Here,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826-Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine.
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Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, with the extruder moving from left to right (Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire).Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. The schematic shown inCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.
PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine. (a)Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination. (b)Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.[BS En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections GB/En/ASTM Steel Hollow Section]Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, a small slit or pre-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Finally,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833(first tab)Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Croygenic Swing Check Valve. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, cross-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Render Dual Syringe Infusion PumpVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSFP Optical Transceiver. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,σT,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage-parallel to the print.
3.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine
Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex. Cross-Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone, which all had significantly smaller,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Security Padlock. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. AsTexincreases,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp, leading to a stronger weld.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with EarloopVexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVex2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.
Seamless Sports Legging for Women,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook/or extrusion.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller(Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price)).0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine, respectively,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Stackable Syringe Pump% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
4 Conclusions
Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps-AM.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.
Acknowledgments
a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
