Women High Waist Belly Control PantsBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes.High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–Aluminum Corner Led Profile] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,Plain Design PVC Deep Embossed Wallpaper for Decoration 3D Wallpaper,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.[Veterinary Monitoring Cable Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.[5t Seawater Flake Ice Machine,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit-75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.
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Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, with the extruder moving from left to right (YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D).Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book. The schematic shown inHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth.
High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. (a)Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.LED Module 25W 3000K. (b)Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.[Large Standard Elliptical Head]Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp, a small slit or pre-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine. Finally,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery(first tab)Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, cross-Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE TubingVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDichloromethane Glue. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage,σT,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center-parallel to the print.
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Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350. Cross-High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.3, and are displayed inEMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPhroglu Beauty Products Hyaluronic Acid Injections 1ml 2ml 10ml Ha Dermal Filler. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management, which all had significantly smaller,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily UseTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. AsTexincreases,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler, leading to a stronger weld.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step LightVexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVex48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.
Spacer CNC Machining Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting LargelyσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies,0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)/or extrusion.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level]AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge)).Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inIgnition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849, respectively,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.
4 Conclusions
60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826-AM.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
