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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–Starter Motor for Perkins 1006-60t Engine (2873K404)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,Galvanized Coil Prices,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System(High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished.[84255607 Hydraulic Filter,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump,OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.[6w-12w Led Adapter High Quality Supplier,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera-AM has not been reported.
Here,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10.4inch Industrial Tablet,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band-High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.[Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate]2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit, a small slit or pre-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. Finally,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies(first tab)Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Church LED Flameless Taper Candle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, cross-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum PlateVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap Dog Clothes For Small Dogs. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders,σT,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPromotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home DecorationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A-Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam.Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck-AM.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018.
Acknowledgments
Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
