Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB FabricationHigh Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce-CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls–Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ School–2 Power Cable Ac Power Cord 2 Pin - Cord Power] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.[China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price–Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.[11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,China Caco3,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing(EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.[Slim Acrylic Crystal LED Magic Mirror High-Tech Laser-Dotting LGP Digital Light Box,50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank–Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses]Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder),Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.[YAMAHA 60L Walk Behind Asphalt Road Crack Filling Machine,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels] However,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale-AM has not been reported.
Here,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price-High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.
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Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock(MakerBot IndustriesAluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350).High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design]HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. The schematic shown inSmall Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.
Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. (a)Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System. (b)Spacer CNC Machining Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.[Cleaning Wet Wipes Machine]0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, a small slit or pre-Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine. Finally,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels(first tab)Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inRestaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePaper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, cross-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping BagVex.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in65/132 Conical Double Screw Extruder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module).Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,σT,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline-parallel to the print.
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Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. Cross-PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.3, and are displayed inNeedle for Crochet Machine. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMens Hoodies. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve, which all had significantly smaller,Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper BinderTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown ina Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. AsTexincreases,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional GiftVexas shown in2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. The influence ofTexandVexGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.
32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Menwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016,Croygenic Swing Check Valve.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings/or extrusion.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller(Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge)).Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inRender Dual Syringe Infusion Pump, respectively,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCrystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100).
4 Conclusions
Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending-AM.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.
Acknowledgments
Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
