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Addit Manuf.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap

Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing

Abstract

Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating LampSublimation Phone Case Lg Pixel/Pixel2/Pixel3] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.[Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V)]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Seamless Sports Legging for Women.[Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel,High Quality Wooden TV Stand Cabinet,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Catch Fish Game Machine] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse]National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.[Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting MachineHigh Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator]Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.[www.fencing-cn.com,Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series] However,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part-AM has not been reported.

Here,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool-Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.

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up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(MakerBot IndustriesOutdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, with the extruder moving from left to right (Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate).Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm]a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box. The schematic shown inAmerican Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).

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Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. (a)PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. (b)Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).[Modern Home Hotel Apartment Living Room TV Cabinet Furniture]Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, a small slit or pre-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. Finally,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones  , making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)(first tab)Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEnergy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, cross-professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled PersonVex.Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlayshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inProfessional Nonwoven Fabric Supplier Audited by SGS. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.[Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inDie Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts).2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr,σT,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell(see Section 2.3).[Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover]Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-parallel to the print.

3.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding

5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). Cross-Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.3, and are displayed inScrew Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAuto Kclka EVA Foaming Injection Sandals Slipper Molding Shoe Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out, which all had significantly smaller,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

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Representative cross-CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSelling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. AsTexincreases,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDAVexas shown inPortable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. The influence ofTexandVexTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.

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PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air CleanerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inEasy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agriculturalwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110/or extrusion.[Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer]Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8)).XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStanding Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children, respectively,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.

4 Conclusions

Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container-AM.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.

Acknowledgments

Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

References

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element][Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump]
23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer][Plastic Extruders]