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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit-Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment–Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules–8ft Led Tube Light] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.[Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085–E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe),m.shphe-en.com,Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders.[Electric Color Galv. Lashing Link Chain with Delta Ring and Grab Hook,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process–Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter]Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type,Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.[Closed End Wire Connector, Coating (A8011] However,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter-COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).
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2.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass
2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM(MakerBot IndustriesPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift, with the extruder moving from left to right (Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales).32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes]Croygenic Swing Check Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine. The schematic shown inScrew Single Compressor Water Chiller.
Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. (a)Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe. (b)Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.[PVC Coated Metal Chain Link Wire Mesh Fence Panel]Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, a small slit or pre-LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. Finally,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage(first tab)Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLong Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile, cross-USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Security PadlockVex.RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagersshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in20 Inch Folding Electric Bike 4.0 Tire. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.[Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inInfitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth).2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,σT,Seamless Sports Legging for Women:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(see Section 2.3).[FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU]Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain-parallel to the print.
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CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller. Cross-0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator.3, and are displayed inGbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLaser Cut Things. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine, which all had significantly smaller,China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stackable Syringe Pump.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper BagsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. AsTexincreases,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate, leading to a stronger weld.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry MaterialVexas shown inSodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp. The influence ofTexandVexSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.
DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTMen′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton HoodieσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inMedical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Maskwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . This measurement technique is a straightforward,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture-AM.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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