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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)–Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet–2018 Colorful Water Fountain] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.[Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump– RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.[Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,Can You Rewire A Floor Lamp Suppliers for Sale,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable]YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.[2019 New Designs Printed Microfiber 1700 Thread Count Bed Sheet Set,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen–Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch]Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.[ISO Factory of Ishikawajima Branch Carbide Tbm Shield Driving Cutter,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter] However,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making-AM has not been reported.
Here,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)-Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.
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Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China(MakerBot IndustriesODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade, with the extruder moving from left to right (Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair).Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment]Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. The schematic shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.[3d Wire Mesh Garden Fence]30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, a small slit or pre-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. Finally,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle(first tab)Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFactory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theFavourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, cross-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking MachineVex.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSHXJ1500 CNC Diamond Wire Stone Cutting Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inG1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15).ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,σT,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPackaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(see Section 2.3).[Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling.Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System-parallel to the print.
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T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer. Cross-2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.3, and are displayed inCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inGas Heating Industrial Ironing Machine /Roller Ironing Machine for Hospital (YPA). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Needle for Crochet Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in Plastic Parts. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine. AsTexincreases,1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe, leading to a stronger weld.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in GuangzhouVexas shown inCjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. The influence ofTexandVexExtruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.
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Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Salewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby-4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery,Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules-AM.Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration.
Acknowledgments
Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
