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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Trailer Wheel–Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine–www.mphotoluminescent.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01.[Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W–Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.[150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,Customized Shape Beveled Mirror with Customized Bevel Length,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine(5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.[Detachable Dog Bed Sofa,Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag–Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale]Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140),1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.[Micro Subminiature Transducer Sensor Mini Compressions Load Cell,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets] However,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag-Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.
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Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(MakerBot IndustriesHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp, with the extruder moving from left to right (Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018).Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price]Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). The schematic shown inSheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits.[License Plate Bracket]20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, a small slit or pre-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle. Finally,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube(first tab)Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inChina Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCustom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale, cross-High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask PackagingVex.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windowsshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCheap China Wholesale Underwear. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing,σT,Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arZs/Fs Series Square Sieve(see Section 2.3).[OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme.Galvanized Bar Grating.Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic SeparatorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF. AsTexincreases,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for MetalVexas shown inHigh Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories. The influence ofTexandVexOEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.
Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSchedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel PipeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Stripwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag-AM.30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.
Acknowledgments
PCB Assembly for Gaming Console.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
