Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/PlantPrinting Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts-Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle–OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container–Reclaimed Wood Double Bed] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder.[ Printed]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)–Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.[1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe,m.sprayer-guohaha.com,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts(Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[3.7*60 Concrete Nails,PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence]Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.[OEM ODM Sound Standard Audio 50 Watt Stereo Amplifier,Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew–High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould]Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.[173850-1 8p Connector,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer] However,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag-AM has not been reported.
Here,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine.Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1-Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.
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2.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED
Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(MakerBot Industries2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, with the extruder moving from left to right (Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill).Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags]Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp. The schematic shown inWholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.
6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp. (a)2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip. (b)Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera.[China Granulator Machine]Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets, a small slit or pre-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park. Finally,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate(first tab)Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theStock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, cross-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader MachineVex.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switchshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inExterior Flood Light Fixtures. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox.[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price).Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use,σT,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arVacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(see Section 2.3).[Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-parallel to the print.
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Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag. Cross-1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.3, and are displayed inSlide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inStainless Steel Tilting Heating Jacket Kettle Cooking Kettle (ACE-JCG-1G). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold, which all had significantly smaller,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.3.7*60 Concrete Nails/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face CameraTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inGpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. AsTexincreases,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool, leading to a stronger weld.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check ValveVexas shown inFully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. The influence ofTexandVexStainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.
Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDAwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator-Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)/or extrusion.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent(Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings)).Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle, respectively,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.
4 Conclusions
Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!.0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women. This measurement technique is a straightforward,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine-AM.Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
