Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic ArmWholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,LED Module 25W 3000K“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady-Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head.Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–General 4-20mA Low Price Industrial Silicon Pressure Transmitter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Quality Guaranteed Long Life Ce,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.[Industrial Pipe Floor Flange,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain,25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.[Hot Sale Standard Rectangular Stainless Steel Dining Table,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery-AM has not been reported.
Here,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers.Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens-Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.
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Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), with the extruder moving from left to right (Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand).Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. The schematic shown in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.
165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. (a)Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350. (b)High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.[Custom Chrome Car Logo Letter Nameplate Badge Emblem Sticker]HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee, a small slit or pre-Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use. Finally,Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light(first tab)48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Spacer CNC Machining Parts. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing, cross-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)Vex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOriginal JAC Heavy Duty Truck Spare Parts Fuel Level Sensor 1107020y803c. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality,σT,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arShoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric-parallel to the print.
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Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway. Cross-Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPetrol Power Jet Pressure Washer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication, which all had significantly smaller,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead WireTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. AsTexincreases,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders, leading to a stronger weld.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined TypeVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.
PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate ValveσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump-Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter/or extrusion.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube)).Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM, respectively,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
4 Conclusions
Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016,Croygenic Swing Check Valve.Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller-AM.Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.
Acknowledgments
5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
