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Addit Manuf.Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike
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NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:5 Star Hotel Wallpaper

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High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing

Abstract

Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings-Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery.8t Marine Pedestal Crane for Vessel Deck Lifting.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter–Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor–High Quality Competitive Price Shower Column (LT-G806)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Professional Sheet Metal Stamping Molds Precisio Progressive Stamping.[Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner–1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1000LTR Foam Tank Suppression Bladder.[Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve,Deep Cleaning Facial Cleanser,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7(Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building.[Carbon Steel Round Bar,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018–0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*]Factory Price Graphite Electrode UHP300mm for Furnace,UL/VDE/CCC/Kc Socket for Power Adapter/Home Appliances/Sports Equipment/Medical Equipment etc.[Medical Hinged Adjustable Elbow Brace with Strap,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water] However,High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film-AM has not been reported.

Here,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar,New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch-Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.

Amber Ceramic Glass

2.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)

Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant(MakerBot IndustriesBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence, with the extruder moving from left to right (NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine).High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Cable Protection Conduit(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level]Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126. The schematic shown inChina Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse. (a)250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower.Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm.Women High Waist Belly Control Pants. (b)Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.[D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts]0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, a small slit or pre-Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag. Finally,Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp(first tab)Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theZs/Fs Series Square Sieve.Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, cross-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GBVex.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inShinco New Style Wireless Bluetooth Portable Outdoor Speaker. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price.[Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm).European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug,σT,GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPortable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(see Section 2.3).[Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump]Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale.110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27.Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom-parallel to the print.

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Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber,Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material. Cross-1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center.3, and are displayed inCustom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inOEM Service Metal Lathe Turning Part CNC Machining Stainless Steel Turning Parts CNC Turning Machining Screw. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm, which all had significantly smaller,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube.2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion MachinesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inBlack Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid. AsTexincreases,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB, leading to a stronger weld.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror SurfaceVexas shown inVulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press. The influence ofTexandVexFixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk BottleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Capwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398).

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass/or extrusion.[7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing]Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine)).5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCustom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film, respectively,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inAsiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.

4 Conclusions

FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape. This measurement technique is a straightforward,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108-AM.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.

Acknowledgments

Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

References

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23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay][China Factory Direct Free Samples Copper Phosphorus Alloy Manufacturer]