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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–23w Energy Saving Led Light] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Oem Stainless Steel Stamping Suppliers for Sale,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower(2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.[Human Peptides Pentadecapeptide Bpc 157/Bpc-157 2mg 5mg for Anti-depression,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.[Cheap Perforated Metal, Anodized 92510-2] However,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide-AM has not been reported.
Here,Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor-2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer.
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Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen, with the extruder moving from left to right (6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). The schematic shown inLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.[febwebbing.com]Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, a small slit or pre-5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat. Finally,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen(first tab)FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, cross-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer WearVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inErw Pipe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt,σT,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-parallel to the print.
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Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. Cross-Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBraided Power Cable Electrical Wire. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine, which all had significantly smaller,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather.Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate BoardσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds-AM.UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes.
Acknowledgments
Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
