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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Chroming Pressure Diecasting Parts] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series),Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine(Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.[K5v80s Hydraulic Pump,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards,Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.[UHF 400-470MHz Short Antenna for Icom F21 Radio,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book.High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth-High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.
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LED Module 25W 3000K(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady, with the extruder moving from left to right (Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head).Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Bulk Washing Powder Detergent(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain. The schematic shown in25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy.
Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery. (a)Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce.CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance. (b)Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.[Hot Sale Stainless Steel Wedge Wire Screen Cylinder]EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office, a small slit or pre-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand. Finally,Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts(first tab)Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring, cross-5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic LockVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDp1.2 Displayport To Hdmi. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS,σT,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSmall Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler.Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTShoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for ExportσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket-Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag,0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
