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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–High Strength Cross Arm] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Metal Fabrication,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10.4inch Industrial Tablet(Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.[Uct 206,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.[Cf-Wr618ac Mt7621a+Mt7615d,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses-AM has not been reported.
Here,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill-20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.
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Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, with the extruder moving from left to right (18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring).Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer. The schematic shown inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.
2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. (a)1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. (b)Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.[Woodworking Machinery Single-Spindle Moulder Milling Groove/ Conventional Universal Small Wood Milling Machine CNC]Church LED Flameless Taper Candle, a small slit or pre-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. Finally,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)(first tab)3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, cross-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle HoldersVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSprinkler Head. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),σT,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting-parallel to the print.
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High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. Cross-3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inH Frame Scaffold. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or, which all had significantly smaller,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. AsTexincreases,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, leading to a stronger weld.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA CertificationVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexIndoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.
Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas ShoesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer-Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSteam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam, respectively,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer-AM.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.
Acknowledgments
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
