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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee–Seamless Sports Legging for Women] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor–Astm A335 Gr P11 Alloy Seamless Steel Pipe] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.[0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12–Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.[Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,SPTE 2.0/2.0 Tinplate Sheet Electrolytic Tin Steel Strip,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)(High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel]Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.[18w Led Panel Light Round,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture,Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture–Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building]Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103).[Greenpedel Dp-6c 36V 48V Downtube Type 18650 Cell Lithium Battery,Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill] However,PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles-AM has not been reported.
Here,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine-Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series.
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Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(MakerBot Industrieswith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, with the extruder moving from left to right (0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation).100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler]Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter. The schematic shown inCycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.
Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. (a)Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof. (b)PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.[m.shiningstar-world.com]Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod, a small slit or pre-N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator. Finally,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts(first tab)Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inVintage Tea Light Candle Holders. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, cross-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10.4inch Industrial TabletVex.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column.[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin).10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price,σT,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arYulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill(see Section 2.3).[Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.Croygenic Lift Check Valve.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory PriceTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. AsTexincreases,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000), leading to a stronger weld.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration MotorVexas shown inPerfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. The influence ofTexandVexGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.
Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTShoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper HeadσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Linerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders.Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids-AM.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.
Acknowledgments
Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
