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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge-70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4.2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine–Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap–MIM Biopsy Forceps Tips in 3mm and 5mm] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.[DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver–Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,Corrugated Polycarbonate Sheet,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil(China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes.[EV Wall Charger,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine–High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles.[Zinc Sulphate Monohydrate 35% Feed Grade,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD] However,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit-AM has not been reported.
Here,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower-2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.
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SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts(MakerBot IndustriesGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide, with the extruder moving from left to right (Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding).FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip. The schematic shown inRubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.
Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen. (a)6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale. (b)6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.[Concentrated Mango Paste Processing Line Non-Concentrated Mango Puree Pulp Production Line]Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), a small slit or pre-Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine. Finally,High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower(first tab)AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory, cross-5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama HatVex.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPP Weaved Knitted Wire Mesh. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBig Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price).Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,σT,PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(see Section 2.3).[ U84]Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame.Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels-parallel to the print.
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Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring. Cross-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams.3, and are displayed inCotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in6mm High Tensile Packing PP Strapping. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt, which all had significantly smaller,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet PedalsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo. AsTexincreases,CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool, leading to a stronger weld.Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass DisplayVexas shown inSc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The influence ofTexandVexYf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.
4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access ControlσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block,UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700). This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level-AM.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.
Acknowledgments
Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
