Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane KeyboardBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing-High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD–Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter–High Precision Customized High Quality Cylinder 200n Lift Gas Spring/Gas Strut for Machinery] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera.[Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps–Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.[Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine,CNC Steel Machining Center,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099(Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price, U84]15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle.[Rental Gold Stacking Hotel Chair,Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile,High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing–Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.[Better Price Control Valve Stainless Steel Valve PVC 2PCS Ball Valve,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter] However,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike.Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress-Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels.
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Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle(MakerBot IndustriesWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, with the extruder moving from left to right (High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making).High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor]Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle. The schematic shown inWire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher.
Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards. (a)Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell. (b)Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.[Canvas Double Shoulder Waterproof Leisure Casual Travel School Undergraduate Laptop Notebook Backpack Pack Bag (CY3398)]Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck, a small slit or pre-Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light. Finally,Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer(first tab)Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPortable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.Plasma Cutter Cut-100 Desktop CNC Plasma Cutting Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror, cross-Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection MoldingVex.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAutomotive Hub Wheel Bearings From China. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture.[Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPopular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod).New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack,σT,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine(see Section 2.3).[Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable]Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)-parallel to the print.
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Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine,Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book. Cross-Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port.3, and are displayed inEMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAutomotive Laser Key Cutting Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings, which all had significantly smaller,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line TieTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. AsTexincreases,Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m, leading to a stronger weld.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air CompressorsVexas shown inMembrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. The influence ofTexandVexCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.
Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFoshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearboxwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable-Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground/or extrusion.[High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level]Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge)).5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer, respectively,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross.Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inYellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway.
4 Conclusions
Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001). The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building. This measurement technique is a straightforward,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts-AM.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
