Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road SafetyChina Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift-Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine–Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap–PT100 Temperature Controller-Intelligent Stainless Steel Temperature Switch] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.[DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver–Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.[Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater,Cnc Hydraulic Press Brake For Sale,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(Croygenic Swing Check Valve) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.[Lamella Clarifier for Wastewater Treatment Plant,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine–High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate]Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller.[Overlock Disc Locks,Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD] However,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size-AM has not been reported.
Here,Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo-Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.
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LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin(MakerBot IndustriesGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter, with the extruder moving from left to right (Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter]Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. The schematic shown inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.
Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest. (a)Security Padlock.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. (b)Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.[Glass Water Pot]Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop, a small slit or pre-2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Seamless Sports Legging for Women, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123). Finally,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain(first tab)Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, cross-Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel SpoolVex.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machineshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stackable Syringe Pump(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFilter Mesh Tube. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.[Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inBig Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price).Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps,σT,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMen′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(see Section 2.3).[ U84]a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals.Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-parallel to the print.
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Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price. Cross-Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.3, and are displayed inCotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCustomized Panel Plate PVC Furniture Profile Edge Banding Strip. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck, which all had significantly smaller,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports BagsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHighly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. AsTexincreases,Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler, leading to a stronger weld.Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones Vexas shown inSc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The influence ofTexandVexFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.
Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in ChinaσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inWell-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep-AM.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.
Acknowledgments
5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
