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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Seamless Sports Legging for Women, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment-National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Waterproof Melamine Chipboard–G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping–Custom Private Label Lip Gloss Long Lasting Waterproof Non-Stick Cup Matte Lip Gloss] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.[Croygenic Lift Check Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour–Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom,Alloy Steel 1060 Grade Aluminium Color Coated Prepainted Steel Coils,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller(0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Tisco Lisco Jisco 202,10.4inch Industrial Tablet]Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.[Silicone Hose For Water,Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine–UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp]China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.[1622087100 Air Compressor Part Oil Separator,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine] However,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt-AM has not been reported.
Here,Stackable Syringe Pump-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate-Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.
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Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(MakerBot IndustriesMuti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, with the extruder moving from left to right (Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics).New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap]Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC. The schematic shown inWaste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.
Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT). (a)Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012).Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags. (b)Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones , thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.[Magnetic Base for Antenna]Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8), a small slit or pre-Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter. Finally,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China(first tab)1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off, cross-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet WristbandVex.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heatershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPlastic Injection Moulding Machine Manufacturer From Ningbo. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure.[Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use).Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding,σT,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(see Section 2.3).[Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material]Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel-parallel to the print.
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Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories. Cross-Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.3, and are displayed inBNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBicycle/bike Pedals. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440, which all had significantly smaller,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate.PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air CleanerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader. AsTexincreases,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier, leading to a stronger weld.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed PatentVexas shown inChziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD. The influence ofTexandVexRectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110.
Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTManufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal SpringσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGarden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spikewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II-Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet-AM.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.
Acknowledgments
Aluminium Blind Rivets.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
