![Logo of nistpa](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/logo-nistpa.png)
Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer–2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags–Non-Woven 3ply Disposable Medical Earloop Surgical Face Mask] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.[Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3–Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.[Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,Custom Design Letter Paper Printing Company Letterhead Printing,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
10.4inch Industrial Tablet(Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.[Shenzhen OEM Printed Circuit Board PCB Board Manufacturer UL,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle–Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU]High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone,Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.[IGNITION CABLE,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm] However,Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses-AM has not been reported.
Here,100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W.Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill-20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.
Croygenic Lift Check Valve
2.Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101
Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable(MakerBot IndustriesHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, with the extruder moving from left to right (18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring).Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer. The schematic shown inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f1.jpg)
2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit. (a)1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building. (b)Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.[Epe Foam Net Making Machine Suppliers for Sale]Church LED Flameless Taper Candle, a small slit or pre-50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder. Finally,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)(first tab)3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, cross-18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle HoldersVex.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwestshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f2.jpg)
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSheet Metal Network / Telecom Cabinet Box. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.[FRP Profile Made in China]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve).Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),σT,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFactory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(see Section 2.3).[8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle]Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model).Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting-parallel to the print.
3.10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending
High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer,High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. Cross-3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size.3, and are displayed inCredit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inMedical Halogen Headlight Operating Lamp (ZF500S). In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or, which all had significantly smaller,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f3.jpg)
Representative cross-Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f4.jpg)
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting. AsTexincreases,Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, leading to a stronger weld.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA CertificationVexas shown inFiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. The influence ofTexandVexIndoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5726274/bin/nihms915390f5.jpg)
Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas ShoesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inQ235 Steel Bar Floor Gratingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer-Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization/or extrusion.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal]Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag(High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter)).Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSteam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam, respectively,Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustomized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
4 Conclusions
Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A,Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15.Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer-AM.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.
Acknowledgments
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
Formats:
- Article |
- Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing |
- 2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover |
- Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine |
- Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light