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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer-Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated–Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup–Ce DOT Kgs Certified Low Pressure 18bar 13.4L Helium Gas Helium Tank for Balloon Filling] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.[Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth–Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.[Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate,www.hhomedecor.com,Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule]Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.[CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine/Engraving Machine Laser,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal–Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge]Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.[Plexiglass Clear Organizer -Acrylic Storage Cube Box with Drawers,Bh-16 Satinless Steel] However,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling-AM has not been reported.
Here,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda-21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.
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Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(MakerBot IndustriesWholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, with the extruder moving from left to right (Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale).Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women]SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. The schematic shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.
Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide. (a)Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine. (b)Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).[Home Decoration Votive Crystal 2oz Glass Candle Holder]Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, a small slit or pre-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Finally,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card(first tab)Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, cross-Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle PartsVex.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mouldshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGarden Decoration Three Tiers Marble Water Fountain. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter).China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders,σT,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale-parallel to the print.
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18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. Cross-Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.3, and are displayed inStainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDress Dog. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine, which all had significantly smaller,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch BuildingsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inNeoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12. AsTexincreases,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument, leading to a stronger weld.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for WorkVexas shown in1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The influence ofTexandVexEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.
Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor BeltσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
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Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
