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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center-Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–Cuce Master Alloys] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,Indoor Small Playground,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management(Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment.[Decor Paper Used on Furniture Veneer,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee,Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.[Tin Pail With Lid,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20-AM has not been reported.
Here,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light.48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System-Spacer CNC Machining Parts.
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2.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing
Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package, with the extruder moving from left to right (Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650)).AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box. The schematic shown inElight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.
60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water. (a)Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag. (b)0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.[Axial Thrust Bearing]Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, a small slit or pre-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire. Finally,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice(first tab)UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, cross-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate ValveVex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAnti-Fatigue Bar Floor Ring Mat/Industrial Rubber Workstation Mat. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM,σT,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833-parallel to the print.
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Croygenic Swing Check Valve,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings. Cross-Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine.3, and are displayed in165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inYq41 Series 100 Ton C Type Single Arm Type Correction Press Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller, which all had significantly smaller,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with LogoTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. AsTexincreases,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch, leading to a stronger weld.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry SetVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.
Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching BendingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine/or extrusion.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine)).Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone, respectively,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest.Security Padlock.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.
4 Conclusions
Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0,China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp.Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop. This measurement technique is a straightforward,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve-AM.Seamless Sports Legging for Women-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123).
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
